By We had a chat with the guys at BAC Mono who, if you don’t already know, create an single seater supercar called the BAC Mono. It is renowned for its handling capabilities and the pure driving pleasure that it delivers due to the lightweight and ultra-responsive chassis. We thought we
How to Calculate Installation Ratio
What is an Installation Ratio? An installation ratio is the ratio between how much the spring and damper moves in relation to how far the wheel and tyre move. In general, the wheel and tyre will move a further distance than the spring and damper. The installation ratio is vital
Uprated Suspension Bushes – What’s the point?
You’ve probably heard of people fitting poly bushes to their car to improve handling. But what are poly-bushes and what does replacing your standard bushes actually achieve?
How To Align Your Car
This section covers how to align your car track-side or in your garage and takes you through the procedure and the order of what to adjust.
How To Corner Weight Your Car
Within many motorsport categories, corner weighting a car before an event is crucial due to the large affect it can have on the lap times and capabilities of the car. It can significantly increase lap times and make the car feel much more predictable for the driver.
Caster
How to Measure The first stage of adjusting and tuning your caster angle is to first measure and understand what your vehicle currently has. There are two main ways to measure your caster angle: Turning plates and a digital or bubble camber/caster gauge Measuring the location of the upper and
Geometry Fundamentals
What Is Suspension Geometry? Suspension geometry is the positioning and angular movement of the suspension arms and the effect that they have upon the movement of the wheel and tyre. It is caused by the different components of the suspension system all moving in their designed paths, which together generate
Suspension
What Is Suspension? Suspension in the automotive industry is a system of shocks, springs, uprights and arms that together keep a vehicle suspended above ground on its wheels. A suspension system is usually made up of the following components: Spring – This can come in many forms Damper – There
Toe
This section covers toe on a racing car. It describes and explains how to measure, adjust and alter toe to suit the driver and the style of circuit. The section covering the different effects of toe is separated into 3 categories; front wheel drive, rear wheel drive and four wheel
Leaf Springs
What is a Leaf Spring? Leaf springs are one of the earliest and most simple forms of spring within the automobile and motorsport world. It is simply a length of an iron or steel blade, attached to the chassis and each end and tied to the axle in the centre.
Alternative Springs
Coil springs and leaf springs are the two most common type of spring within the automotive and motorsport industries. However, other types of spring have been tried and tested in an attempt to get the edge over competitors. Some of the following springs are still used within motorsport today. Torsion
Coil Springs
What is a coil spring? A coil springs is a piece of bar that has been twisted to form the shape of a helix (spiral). It works in an up and down motion as a spring by using the vertical displacement to twist the bar making the spring. Therefore, it
Anti-Roll Bars
What is an Anti-roll bar? An anti-roll bar is a tube of metal that works as a spring between left and right wheels. An anti-roll bar connects the vertical motions of the left and right wheels and works in parallel with the coil springs. During cornering, the outside wheel (be
Dampers
What is a Damper? A damper is an oil filled tube with a piston inside. The piston moves through the oil, passing the oil through small precise holes and past a sprung shim, at a certain designed speed. Damper Construction A damper consists of: A main body A piston with
Tyre Slip Angle
What Is Slip Angle? A slip angle is the difference between the steering angle and the direction in which the tyre footprint is taking. Tyre slip angles play a major part in steering systems and have a large effect on aspects of steering geometry such as Ackermann and toe. When a
Toe
What Is Toe? Toe is the angle between each wheel with relation to the longitudinal axis of the vehicle. It is usually measured when the car is static and is measured either in degrees or in millimetres. If it is measured by distance then it is usually the difference in
Scrub Radius
What Is Scrub Radius? When viewing a wheel from front view, the scrub radius is the distance between where the extrapolated line of kingpin axis touches the road and the tyre contact patch centre point. If the extrapolated KPI is outboard of the contact patch then the scrub radius is
King Pin Inclination
On current suspension systems, the kingpin is set at an angle to the vertical plane when viewed from the front or rear of the vehicle. This angle is known as the king pin inclination. The purpose of the KPI is to produce vertical displacement of the vehicle in during steering in an upward direction. The larger the KPI, the larger the effect. This lifting effect produces a self centering torque similar to that of caster. The KPI also generates scrub radius.
Instantaneous Centre
What Is An Instant Centre? The word “instant” means at that particular position of the linkage. “Centre” refers to a projected imaginary point that is effectively the pivot point of the linkage at that instant. The instant centre is a point in space, governed by the position, angle and length
Grip
What Is Grip? Grip, put basically, is the force generated between the tyre and the surface. The amount of grip generated and maintained is influenced heavily by the mass of the vehicle; the acceleration of the vehicle, the compound of the tyre, the compound of the road surface and by